Introduction to the Former Site of the Qiongya Red Army Reorganization
The Former Site of the Qiongya Red Army Reorganization, located in the Qiongshan District of Haikou City, Hainan Province, China, is a significant historical landmark that commemorates a pivotal moment in the Chinese revolutionary history. This site marks the location where the Qiongya Red Army, the armed forces of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in Hainan, was officially reorganized into the National Revolutionary Army’s 14th Division in December 1938. This event was a crucial step in the Second United Front against Japanese aggression during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The site now serves as a patriotic education base and a museum, preserving the memory of the revolutionary struggles in Hainan.
Historical Context and Background
The Rise of the Qiongya Red Army
The Qiongya Red Army was established in 1927, following the failure of the Great Revolution in China. Under the leadership of the CPC, local revolutionary forces in Hainan, led by figures such as Yang Shaoan and Feng Baiju, organized armed struggles against the Kuomintang (KMT) regime. The army operated in the mountainous and rural areas of Hainan, engaging in guerrilla warfare and establishing revolutionary bases. By the mid-1930s, the Qiongya Red Army had grown to several thousand soldiers, controlling significant parts of the island’s interior.
The Second United Front and the Reorganization
In 1937, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident marked the beginning of the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War. The CPC and the KMT, despite their previous conflicts, formed the Second United Front to resist Japanese invasion. In Hainan, the local CPC committee, under the guidance of the central party leadership, negotiated with the KMT government to reorganize the Qiongya Red Army into a part of the National Revolutionary Army. This reorganization was aimed at unifying military efforts against the Japanese, who had occupied parts of Hainan in 1939.
On December 5, 1938, the reorganization ceremony was held at the former site in Qiongshan. The Qiongya Red Army was officially designated as the 14th Division of the National Revolutionary Army, with Feng Baiju as the division commander. This move not only provided the army with official recognition and resources but also symbolized the unity of the Chinese people in the face of foreign aggression.
Post-Reorganization Struggles
After the reorganization, the 14th Division actively participated in the resistance against Japanese forces in Hainan. However, the collaboration between the CPC and KMT was fraught with tensions. The KMT often attempted to undermine the CPC’s influence, leading to conflicts and betrayals. Despite these challenges, the 14th Division continued to fight, and after the Japanese surrender in 1945, it played a key role in the subsequent Chinese Civil War, eventually contributing to the liberation of Hainan in 1950.
Detailed Description of the Former Site
Architectural Features and Layout
The former site is a traditional Hainanese courtyard house, typical of the late Qing and early Republican periods. The building consists of several rooms arranged around a central courtyard, with a simple yet sturdy structure made of wood and brick. The main hall was used for meetings and ceremonies, while the side rooms served as offices and living quarters for the revolutionary leaders.
The site has been preserved and restored to reflect its historical appearance. Inside, visitors can see exhibits including photographs, documents, and artifacts from the reorganization period. For example, there is a replica of the original flag of the Qiongya Red Army and the National Revolutionary Army, as well as personal belongings of Feng Baiju and other leaders.
Key Exhibits and Artifacts
- Historical Documents: Original letters and telegrams between the CPC and KMT regarding the reorganization negotiations. These documents illustrate the diplomatic efforts and compromises made during the process.
- Photographs: Images from the reorganization ceremony, showing the gathering of soldiers and leaders. One notable photo captures Feng Baiju delivering a speech to the assembled troops.
- Military Equipment: Displays of weapons and uniforms used by the Qiongya Red Army, including rifles, grenades, and traditional Hainanese military attire.
- Personal Items: Items belonging to key figures, such as Feng Baiju’s writing desk and Yang Shaoan’s diary, which provide insights into their daily lives and thoughts during the revolutionary period.
English Introduction for Visitors
For international visitors, the site offers an English-language introduction that highlights its historical significance. The following is a sample English description that could be used for a brochure or guided tour:
“The Former Site of the Qiongya Red Army Reorganization is a testament to the resilience and unity of the Chinese people during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Located in the historic district of Qiongshan, this site marks the location where the Qiongya Red Army, a local revolutionary force, was reorganized into the National Revolutionary Army’s 14th Division in December 1938. This event was a critical component of the Second United Front, which brought together the Communist Party of China and the Kuomintang to resist Japanese aggression. Today, the site serves as a museum and patriotic education base, preserving the memory of the revolutionary struggles that shaped modern Hainan and China. Visitors can explore the original courtyard house, view historical exhibits, and learn about the courageous leaders and soldiers who fought for national independence.”
Historical Significance and Legacy
Impact on Hainan’s Revolutionary History
The reorganization of the Qiongya Red Army was a turning point in Hainan’s revolutionary history. It marked the transition from isolated guerrilla warfare to a more coordinated national resistance effort. The 14th Division’s actions during the Japanese occupation demonstrated the effectiveness of the united front strategy and laid the groundwork for the eventual liberation of Hainan.
Lessons from the Reorganization
The reorganization process offers valuable lessons on political negotiation and unity in the face of common threats. It highlights the importance of compromise and cooperation, even between adversaries, to achieve a greater goal. However, it also underscores the challenges of maintaining such unity, as evidenced by the subsequent conflicts between the CPC and KMT.
Preservation and Education
In recent years, the Chinese government has invested in the preservation and promotion of revolutionary sites like the Former Site of the Qiongya Red Army Reorganization. It is now part of the “Red Tourism” initiative, which aims to educate the public about China’s revolutionary history. The site receives thousands of visitors annually, including students, historians, and tourists from around the world.
Conclusion
The Former Site of the Qiongya Red Army Reorganization is more than just a historical building; it is a symbol of the collective struggle for national independence and unity. Its story reflects the broader narrative of China’s resistance against foreign invasion and the complex dynamics of the Second United Front. By preserving and studying this site, we gain a deeper understanding of the sacrifices made by the revolutionary pioneers and the enduring spirit of resilience that continues to inspire future generations.
For those interested in Chinese revolutionary history, a visit to this site offers a tangible connection to the past and an opportunity to reflect on the lessons of history. Whether you are a historian, a student, or a casual tourist, the Former Site of the Qiongya Red Army Reorganization provides a unique and educational experience that bridges the past and present.
Note: This article is based on historical records and publicly available information. For the most accurate and up-to-date details, it is recommended to visit the site or consult official historical sources.